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Patterns of Ideas

  • 1 intercambio de ideas

    (n.) = fertilisation [fertilization, -USA], cross-fertilisation [cross-fertilization, -USA], cross-fertilisation of ideas, exchange of ideas
    Ex. The traditional methods of marketing and selling on-line bibliographic data base services have revolved around fertilisation between the marketing and sales departments.
    Ex. Results indicate that the patterns of cross-fertilization vary greatly among these scientific fields.
    Ex. This suggests not only cross fertilization of ideas, but also more complex research questions.
    Ex. In Western democracies, the free expression and exchange of ideas and information is a cornerstone of political belief.
    * * *
    (n.) = fertilisation [fertilization, -USA], cross-fertilisation [cross-fertilization, -USA], cross-fertilisation of ideas, exchange of ideas

    Ex: The traditional methods of marketing and selling on-line bibliographic data base services have revolved around fertilisation between the marketing and sales departments.

    Ex: Results indicate that the patterns of cross-fertilization vary greatly among these scientific fields.
    Ex: This suggests not only cross fertilization of ideas, but also more complex research questions.
    Ex: In Western democracies, the free expression and exchange of ideas and information is a cornerstone of political belief.

    Spanish-English dictionary > intercambio de ideas

  • 2 Culture

       Culture consists of patterns, explicit and implicit, of and for behavior acquired and transmitted by symbols, constituting the distinctive achievement of human groups, including their embodiments in artifacts; the essential core of culture consists of traditional (i.e., historically derived and selected) ideas and especially their latest values; culture systems may, on the one hand, be considered as products of action, on the other as conditioning elements of further action. (Kroeber & Kluckhohn, 1952, quoted in Brislin, Lonner & Thorndike, 1973, pp. 4-5)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Culture

  • 3 intercambio

    m.
    1 exchange.
    2 interchange, exchange, swapping, trade-in.
    3 intercourse.
    pres.indicat.
    1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: intercambiar.
    * * *
    1 exchange, interchange
    * * *
    noun m.
    * * *
    SM [de impresiones, de presos, ideas, dinero] exchange; [de sellos, fotos] swap, exchange

    hice intercambio con una chica inglesa — I went o did an exchange with an English girl

    me junto con un estudiante de español y hacemos intercambio de conversación — I get together with a Spanish student to exchange conversation

    * * *
    a) (de ideas, información, bienes) exchange
    b) (de sellos, revistas) swap; ( de estudiantes) exchange; ( de prisioneros) exchange
    c) ( en tenis) rally
    * * *
    = exchange, exchange acquisition, interchange, exchange visit, cross-pollination, barter, cross-fertilisation [cross-fertilization, -USA], transposition, sharing, bartering.
    Ex. National agencies creating MARC records use national standards within their own country, and re-format records to UNIMARC for international exchange.
    Ex. The 'on approval', 'gift', and ' exchange' types are useful for statistical purposes.
    Ex. Both UKMARC and UNIMARC comply with ISO 2709, the international standard for bibliographic record interchange on magnetic tape.
    Ex. The article 'To the Polar Circle on exchange visit' describes a 3 week exchange visit to the Regional Library in Rovaniemi, the largest of Finnish Lapland's 4 towns.
    Ex. The conference disappointed in there was little cross-pollination of ideas between librarians in the developed and the developing countries.
    Ex. International exchange of publications between libraries has long been a successful solution to the problem of barter where no absolute value is calculable.
    Ex. Results indicate that the patterns of cross-fertilization vary greatly among these scientific fields.
    Ex. Transposition of digits in a number is usually invisible to editors.
    Ex. There are other networks which support the sharing of cataloguing data.
    Ex. Holdings will become increasingly important as a bartering tool to gain additional access benefits.
    ----
    * adquisición por compra o intercambio = non-gratuitous acquisition.
    * Cinta de Intercambio de Regristros MARC = MARC Exchange Tape.
    * efectuar un intercambio = effect + exchange.
    * estudiante de intercambio = exchange student.
    * formato de intercambio = exchange format.
    * idioma de intercambio = exchange language.
    * intercambio cultural = cultural exchange.
    * intercambio de calor = heat exchange.
    * intercambio de conocimientos = learning exchange, cross-fertilisation [cross-fertilization, -USA], cross-fertilisation of knowledge.
    * intercambio de conversación = conversation exchange.
    * intercambio de direcciones = exchange of address.
    * intercambio de estudiantes = student exchange.
    * intercambio de experiencias = exchange of experience.
    * intercambio de fondos = stock exchange.
    * intercambio de ideas = fertilisation [fertilization, -USA], cross-fertilisation [cross-fertilization, -USA], cross-fertilisation of ideas, exchange of ideas.
    * intercambio de información = information exchange, information interchange.
    * intercambio de opiniones sobre = exchange of opinion on.
    * intercambio de puestos de trabajo = job exchange.
    * Intercambio Electrónico de Datos (EDI) = EDI (Electronic Data Interchange).
    * intercambio electrónico de información = electronic exchange of information.
    * intercambio internacional = international exchange.
    * intercambio lingüístico = language exchange.
    * intercambio nacional = national exchange.
    * intercambio verbal = exchange, verbal transaction, verbal exchange.
    * lengua de intercambio = exchange language.
    * programa de intercambio = exchange programme.
    * sesión de intercambio = swap shop.
    * visita de intercambio = exchange visit.
    * * *
    a) (de ideas, información, bienes) exchange
    b) (de sellos, revistas) swap; ( de estudiantes) exchange; ( de prisioneros) exchange
    c) ( en tenis) rally
    * * *
    = exchange, exchange acquisition, interchange, exchange visit, cross-pollination, barter, cross-fertilisation [cross-fertilization, -USA], transposition, sharing, bartering.

    Ex: National agencies creating MARC records use national standards within their own country, and re-format records to UNIMARC for international exchange.

    Ex: The 'on approval', 'gift', and ' exchange' types are useful for statistical purposes.
    Ex: Both UKMARC and UNIMARC comply with ISO 2709, the international standard for bibliographic record interchange on magnetic tape.
    Ex: The article 'To the Polar Circle on exchange visit' describes a 3 week exchange visit to the Regional Library in Rovaniemi, the largest of Finnish Lapland's 4 towns.
    Ex: The conference disappointed in there was little cross-pollination of ideas between librarians in the developed and the developing countries.
    Ex: International exchange of publications between libraries has long been a successful solution to the problem of barter where no absolute value is calculable.
    Ex: Results indicate that the patterns of cross-fertilization vary greatly among these scientific fields.
    Ex: Transposition of digits in a number is usually invisible to editors.
    Ex: There are other networks which support the sharing of cataloguing data.
    Ex: Holdings will become increasingly important as a bartering tool to gain additional access benefits.
    * adquisición por compra o intercambio = non-gratuitous acquisition.
    * Cinta de Intercambio de Regristros MARC = MARC Exchange Tape.
    * efectuar un intercambio = effect + exchange.
    * estudiante de intercambio = exchange student.
    * formato de intercambio = exchange format.
    * idioma de intercambio = exchange language.
    * intercambio cultural = cultural exchange.
    * intercambio de calor = heat exchange.
    * intercambio de conocimientos = learning exchange, cross-fertilisation [cross-fertilization, -USA], cross-fertilisation of knowledge.
    * intercambio de conversación = conversation exchange.
    * intercambio de direcciones = exchange of address.
    * intercambio de estudiantes = student exchange.
    * intercambio de experiencias = exchange of experience.
    * intercambio de fondos = stock exchange.
    * intercambio de ideas = fertilisation [fertilization, -USA], cross-fertilisation [cross-fertilization, -USA], cross-fertilisation of ideas, exchange of ideas.
    * intercambio de información = information exchange, information interchange.
    * intercambio de opiniones sobre = exchange of opinion on.
    * intercambio de puestos de trabajo = job exchange.
    * Intercambio Electrónico de Datos (EDI) = EDI (Electronic Data Interchange).
    * intercambio electrónico de información = electronic exchange of information.
    * intercambio internacional = international exchange.
    * intercambio lingüístico = language exchange.
    * intercambio nacional = national exchange.
    * intercambio verbal = exchange, verbal transaction, verbal exchange.
    * lengua de intercambio = exchange language.
    * programa de intercambio = exchange programme.
    * sesión de intercambio = swap shop.
    * visita de intercambio = exchange visit.

    * * *
    1 (de ideas, bienes) exchange; (de sellos, revistas) swap
    va a hacer un intercambio con un chico inglés he's going on an exchange with an English boy
    intercambio de opiniones/experiencias exchange of opinions/experiences
    intercambio cultural cultural exchange
    el debate terminó con un intercambio de insultos the discussion ended in an exchange of insults
    tuvieron un intercambio de palabras they exchanged words, they had an argument
    2 (en tenis) rally
    Compuesto:
    ( Inf) file sharing
    * * *

     

    Del verbo intercambiar: ( conjugate intercambiar)

    intercambio es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

    intercambió es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

    Multiple Entries:
    intercambiar    
    intercambio
    intercambiar ( conjugate intercambiar) verbo transitivo ‹impresiones/ideas› to exchange;
    ‹sellos/revistas› to swap
    intercambio sustantivo masculino
    a) (de ideas, información, bienes) exchange

    b) (de sellos, revistas) swap;

    (de estudiantes, prisioneros) exchange
    intercambiar verbo transitivo to exchange, swap
    intercambio sustantivo masculino exchange: el ambiente favorecía el intercambio de ideas, the atmosphere favoured the exchange of ideas
    ' intercambio' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    tiroteo
    English:
    cement
    - cultural exchange
    - exchange
    - interchange
    - intercultural
    - swap
    - switch
    - wife-swapping
    * * *
    [de objetos, ideas] exchange; [de cromos] swap;
    se ha producido un intercambio de lugares en la clasificación the two teams have swapped places in the table;
    la discusión acabó con un intercambio de puñetazos the argument ended with them trading punches;
    un alumno de intercambio an exchange student;
    hizo intercambio con una chica canadiense she did an exchange with a Canadian girl
    intercambio comercial trade;
    intercambio cultural cultural exchange;
    Fin intercambio de la deuda debt swap;
    intercambio de golpes [en tenis] rally;
    intercambio de ideas exchange of ideas;
    * * *
    m exchange, swap;
    intercambio de datos/opiniones exchange of information/ideas
    * * *
    canje: exchange, trade
    * * *
    intercambio n exchange

    Spanish-English dictionary > intercambio

  • 4 esquema

    m.
    1 diagram.
    2 sketch, skeleton, design, diagram.
    3 way of thinking.
    4 scheme, plan, schedule, rede.
    5 layout.
    * * *
    1 (gráfica) diagram
    2 (plan) outline, plan
    * * *
    noun m.
    * * *
    SM
    1) [en esbozo] (=resumen) outline; (=diagrama) diagram; (=dibujo) sketch
    2) (=conjunto de ideas) thinking, way of thinking

    sus esquemas mentales están anclados en el pasado — his thinking o way of thinking is rooted in the past

    no me imaginaba que fueras a hacerte monja, me has roto todos los esquemas — I never imagined you'd become a nun, you've really thrown me *

    3) (Rel, Fil) schema
    * * *
    1) ( croquis) sketch, diagram; ( sinopsis) outline
    2) ( de ideas)

    romperle los esquemas a alguien — (fam) ( echar abajo - conceptos) to shatter somebody's preconceptions; (- planes) to ruin somebody's plans

    * * *
    = framework, schema [schemas/schemata, -pl.], schematisation [schematization, -USA], schematic, landscape.
    Ex. The intention is to establish a general framework, and then to give exceptions or further explanation and examples for each area in turn.
    Ex. A schema of information sciences is put forward with the plea that any discussion of information and information science should first declare the definitions to be used.
    Ex. The proposed schematisation provides librarians who have collection development responsibilities with a mechanism for assigning a specific priority to each selection.
    Ex. The schematic for this structure can be found in figure 2.1.
    Ex. During the post-war period international organizations have become a prominent feature of the international landscape.
    ----
    * esquema del cableado eléctrico = wiring diagram.
    * esquema general = outline, overview.
    * esquemas = schemata [schema, -sing.].
    * romper los esquemas = think out(side) + (of) the box.
    * * *
    1) ( croquis) sketch, diagram; ( sinopsis) outline
    2) ( de ideas)

    romperle los esquemas a alguien — (fam) ( echar abajo - conceptos) to shatter somebody's preconceptions; (- planes) to ruin somebody's plans

    * * *
    = framework, schema [schemas/schemata, -pl.], schematisation [schematization, -USA], schematic, landscape.

    Ex: The intention is to establish a general framework, and then to give exceptions or further explanation and examples for each area in turn.

    Ex: A schema of information sciences is put forward with the plea that any discussion of information and information science should first declare the definitions to be used.
    Ex: The proposed schematisation provides librarians who have collection development responsibilities with a mechanism for assigning a specific priority to each selection.
    Ex: The schematic for this structure can be found in figure 2.1.
    Ex: During the post-war period international organizations have become a prominent feature of the international landscape.
    * esquema del cableado eléctrico = wiring diagram.
    * esquema general = outline, overview.
    * esquemas = schemata [schema, -sing.].
    * romper los esquemas = think out(side) + (of) the box.

    * * *
    A
    1 (croquis) sketch, diagram
    2
    (sinopsis): mándales un esquema del argumento/guión send them an outline o a synopsis of the plot/script
    hazte un esquema de lo que quieres decir draw up an outline o a plan of what you want to say
    el esquema narrativo de la novela es simple the novel has a simple plot
    B
    (de ideas): la interpretación de nuestra realidad con esquemas ajenos the use of foreign ways of thinking o foreign perceptions to try to understand our own situation
    proyectos opuestos al esquema liberal projects at odds with liberal philosophy o thinking
    es imposible sacarla de sus esquemas you'll never get her to change her way of thinking
    romperle los esquemas a algn ( fam) (echar abajo — conceptos) to shatter sb's preconceptions; (— planes) to ruin sb's plans
    * * *

     

    esquema sustantivo masculino
    1 ( croquis) sketch, diagram;
    ( sinopsis) outline
    2 ( de ideas):
    ◊ el esquema liberal liberal philosophy o thinking;

    no se sale de sus esquemas she doesn't change her way of thinking
    esquema sustantivo masculino
    1 (dibujo) diagram, sketch
    2 (resumen de ideas) outline: les quiero presentar un esquema de nuestros objetivos, I'd like to submit an outline of our objectives
    3 (base) preconceptions, philosophy: tiene unos esquemas de comportamiento muy maduros, he conducts himself in a mature manner
    ' esquema' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    cuadro
    - guion
    English:
    diagram
    - frame
    - skeleton
    - outline
    - plan
    * * *
    1. [gráfico] diagram;
    hazme un esquema de la ruta hasta tu casa draw me a map of the route to your house
    2. [resumen] outline;
    hacerse un esquema to draw up an outline
    3. [estructura]
    los esquemas mentales de un niño a child's view of the world;
    los esquemas de comportamiento del enfermo anoréxico the behaviour patterns of anorexics;
    romper los esquemas a alguien: sus ideas sobre las drogas me rompieron los esquemas his ideas on drugs really challenged my preconceptions;
    ya tenía el itinerario preparado pero su respuesta me rompió los esquemas I had already worked out the itinerary but her answer threw all my plans up in the air
    * * *
    m
    1 ( croquis) sketch, diagram;
    en esquema mostrar in diagrammatic form; explicar briefly
    2 ( sinopsis) outline, summary
    * * *
    bosquejo: outline, sketch, plan
    * * *
    1. (diagrama) diagram
    2. (resumen) outline

    Spanish-English dictionary > esquema

  • 5 ineficaz

    adj.
    1 inefficient.
    2 ineffective.
    3 effectless.
    * * *
    1 (incompetente) inefficient
    2 (improductivo) ineffective
    * * *
    adj.
    * * *
    ADJ
    1) [medida] ineffective
    2) (=inútil) [proceso] inefficient; [gobierno, persona] inefficient, incompetent
    * * *
    a) <remedio/medida> ineffectual, ineffective
    b) <método/sistema/persona> inefficient
    * * *
    = powerless, ineffective, inefficient, ineffectual, non-efficient, lame, toothless.
    Ex. In a world divided by ideology, by trade barriers, by military threats and nuclear fears, we librarians are not powerless.
    Ex. Too often US library professionals have difficulty 'code switching' in order to accommodate the foreign students' needs and resort to familiar but ineffective patterns.
    Ex. Microcomputers are best at single tasks, having limited addressing capability, and are difficult to program except in relatively high level (and inefficient) programming languages.
    Ex. A perusal of book reviews shows that many parental figures fall into one of two categories -- ineffectual or antagonistic.
    Ex. These difficulties are of such a magnitude that the use of law in international situations becomes non-efficient.
    Ex. Democrats are lame, feckless, timid, with no ideas, no vision, no message, and no future.
    Ex. This is what happens when a company does not listen to their customers, you end up with a toothless and ineffective policy.
    ----
    * ser ineficaz = fire + blanks.
    * * *
    a) <remedio/medida> ineffectual, ineffective
    b) <método/sistema/persona> inefficient
    * * *
    = powerless, ineffective, inefficient, ineffectual, non-efficient, lame, toothless.

    Ex: In a world divided by ideology, by trade barriers, by military threats and nuclear fears, we librarians are not powerless.

    Ex: Too often US library professionals have difficulty 'code switching' in order to accommodate the foreign students' needs and resort to familiar but ineffective patterns.
    Ex: Microcomputers are best at single tasks, having limited addressing capability, and are difficult to program except in relatively high level (and inefficient) programming languages.
    Ex: A perusal of book reviews shows that many parental figures fall into one of two categories -- ineffectual or antagonistic.
    Ex: These difficulties are of such a magnitude that the use of law in international situations becomes non-efficient.
    Ex: Democrats are lame, feckless, timid, with no ideas, no vision, no message, and no future.
    Ex: This is what happens when a company does not listen to their customers, you end up with a toothless and ineffective policy.
    * ser ineficaz = fire + blanks.

    * * *
    1 ‹remedio/medida› ineffectual, ineffective
    2 ‹método/sistema› inefficient; ‹persona› inefficient, incompetent
    * * *

    ineficaz adjetivo
    a) ‹remedio/medida› ineffectual, ineffective

    b) ‹método/sistema/persona› inefficient

    ineficaz adjetivo (inefectivo) ineffective
    ' ineficaz' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    vano
    English:
    ineffective
    - inefficient
    - powerless
    * * *
    1. [de bajo rendimiento] inefficient
    2. [de baja efectividad] ineffective
    * * *
    adj inefficient; procedimiento ineffective
    * * *
    ineficaz adj, pl - caces
    1) : inefficient
    2) : ineffective
    * * *
    ineficaz adj inefficient

    Spanish-English dictionary > ineficaz

  • 6 urdir

    v.
    1 to plot, to forge (plan).
    2 to warp (hilos).
    3 to contrive, to cook up, to plot, to brew.
    4 to cast on.
    * * *
    1 (textil) to warp
    2 figurado (tramar) to plot, scheme
    * * *
    VT
    1) [+ tela] to warp
    2) (=tramar) to plot
    * * *
    verbo transitivo
    a) ( en telar) to warp; < puntos> to cast on
    b) < plan> to devise, hatch
    * * *
    = weave, weave, engineer, texture, spin, concoct.
    Ex. You cannot get pleasure from a literary book until you have 'lived inside it' -- have discovered the patterns of event, of character, of language, of meaning, being woven in it.
    Ex. This article compares an expert system to a rug and the shell to the loom on which it was woven.
    Ex. So, in telephone transmission the bandwidth of each speech circuit is engineered to be 4kHz.
    Ex. The play was an entrancing production that was textured with ideas, witty, and cunningly crafted.
    Ex. Then the fairies told them how happily the spiders lived among the green leaves spinning garments for their neigbbors.
    Ex. Their unquenchable thirst for revenge enabled them to concoct a diabolical scheme.
    ----
    * urdir una conspiración = hatch + plot.
    * urdir una historia = weave + story.
    * urdir un complot = hatch + plot.
    * urdir un cuento = weave + a tale.
    * urdir un plan = devise + a plan.
    * urdir un relato = weave + a tale.
    * * *
    verbo transitivo
    a) ( en telar) to warp; < puntos> to cast on
    b) < plan> to devise, hatch
    * * *
    = weave, weave, engineer, texture, spin, concoct.

    Ex: You cannot get pleasure from a literary book until you have 'lived inside it' -- have discovered the patterns of event, of character, of language, of meaning, being woven in it.

    Ex: This article compares an expert system to a rug and the shell to the loom on which it was woven.
    Ex: So, in telephone transmission the bandwidth of each speech circuit is engineered to be 4kHz.
    Ex: The play was an entrancing production that was textured with ideas, witty, and cunningly crafted.
    Ex: Then the fairies told them how happily the spiders lived among the green leaves spinning garments for their neigbbors.
    Ex: Their unquenchable thirst for revenge enabled them to concoct a diabolical scheme.
    * urdir una conspiración = hatch + plot.
    * urdir una historia = weave + story.
    * urdir un complot = hatch + plot.
    * urdir un cuento = weave + a tale.
    * urdir un plan = devise + a plan.
    * urdir un relato = weave + a tale.

    * * *
    urdir [I1 ]
    vt
    (en un telar) to warp; ‹puntos› to cast on
    urdían una conspiración para derrocarlo they were plotting o they were hatching a plot to overthrow him
    habían urdido un plan they had devised o hatched a plan
    * * *

    urdir ( conjugate urdir) verbo transitivo

    ‹ puntos› to cast on
    b) ‹ plan› to devise, hatch

    urdir vtr (preparar en secreto) to devise, scheme for
    ' urdir' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    discurrir
    - fraguar
    - planear
    - tejer
    English:
    engineer
    - hatch
    * * *
    urdir vt
    1. [plan] to plot, to forge
    2. [hilos] to warp
    * * *
    v/t
    1 complot hatch
    2 hilos warp

    Spanish-English dictionary > urdir

  • 7 expansión

    f.
    1 expansion, enlargement.
    2 expansion, expanse, stretch.
    3 extension.
    4 ectasia.
    * * *
    1 (dilatación) expansion
    2 (difusión) spreading
    3 (aumento) expansion, increase, growth
    5 figurado (recreo) relaxation, recreation
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=difusión) [de empresa, mercado] expansion; [de noticia, ideas] spread
    2) (=recreo) relaxation; (=placer) pleasure
    3) (=efusión) expansiveness
    * * *
    1)
    b) ( de empresa) expansion
    c) (de noticia, doctrina) spread
    2) ( distracción) relaxation
    * * *
    = growth, expansion, waxing.
    Ex. This document contains information on such concepts as settlement, urban growth, field patterns, forest clearance and many others.
    Ex. This is not a simple general expansion of a description but an increasing emphasis upon aspects of the book.
    Ex. This waning of one discipline and waxing of another represents the fundamental incommensurability, yet mutual dependence, of existing disciplinary categories of knowledge.
    ----
    * de expansión = expanded.
    * en constante expansión = ever-expanding, ever-growing.
    * en continua expansión = expanding.
    * en expansión = expanded.
    * expansión de una búsqueda por medio del tesauro = thesaurus expansion.
    * expansión urbana = urban expansion, urban growth.
    * expansión urbana descontrolada = urban sprawl, suburban sprawl.
    * expansión urbanística = urban growth, urban expansion.
    * * *
    1)
    b) ( de empresa) expansion
    c) (de noticia, doctrina) spread
    2) ( distracción) relaxation
    * * *
    = growth, expansion, waxing.

    Ex: This document contains information on such concepts as settlement, urban growth, field patterns, forest clearance and many others.

    Ex: This is not a simple general expansion of a description but an increasing emphasis upon aspects of the book.
    Ex: This waning of one discipline and waxing of another represents the fundamental incommensurability, yet mutual dependence, of existing disciplinary categories of knowledge.
    * de expansión = expanded.
    * en constante expansión = ever-expanding, ever-growing.
    * en continua expansión = expanding.
    * en expansión = expanded.
    * expansión de una búsqueda por medio del tesauro = thesaurus expansion.
    * expansión urbana = urban expansion, urban growth.
    * expansión urbana descontrolada = urban sprawl, suburban sprawl.
    * expansión urbanística = urban growth, urban expansion.

    * * *
    A
    1 ( Fís) expansion
    2 (de una empresa) expansion
    [ S ] empresa en expansión necesita vendedores salespersons required for expanding business
    un período de expansión económica a period of economic growth o expansion
    3 (de una noticia, doctrina) spread
    B (distracción) relaxation
    * * *

    expansión sustantivo femenino
    expansion;

    expansión sustantivo femenino
    1 expansion
    (de un rumor) spreading
    2 (entretenimiento) relaxation: no nos vendría mal un rato de expansión, a little relaxation wouldn't hurt us

    ' expansión' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    ampliación
    - extensor
    - extensora
    - junta
    English:
    expansion
    - growth
    - sprawl
    - expand
    - grow
    - growth industry
    * * *
    1. [de cuerpo, gas] expansion;
    [de incendio] spread
    2. [de empresa, mercado, territorio] expansion, growth;
    un periodo de expansión económica a period of economic expansion o growth;
    en expansión expanding;
    un sector económico en franca expansión a fast-growing o rapidly-growing sector of the economy
    3. [de rumor, noticia] spread, spreading
    4. [relajación] relaxation;
    [diversión] recreation
    * * *
    f
    1 expansion;
    en expansión growing, expanding;
    estar en expansión be growing o expanding;
    expansión económica economic growth o expansion
    2 ( recreo) recreation
    * * *
    expansión nf, pl - siones
    1) : expansion, spread
    2) diversión: recreation, relaxation
    * * *
    expansión n expansion

    Spanish-English dictionary > expansión

  • 8 relación

    f.
    1 relation, association, relationship, connection.
    2 relation, treatment, intercourse, dealing.
    3 acquaintance, relation.
    4 account, recitation, narration, recital.
    5 report, recountal.
    6 friendship.
    7 relative, member of the family, relation.
    * * *
    1 (correspondencia) relation, relationship
    ■ una relación amistosa a friendship, a friendly relationship
    2 (conexión) link, connection
    3 (lista) list, record
    4 (relato) account, telling
    1 (conocidos) acquaintances; (contactos) contacts, connections
    \
    con relación a / en relación a with regard to, regarding
    estar en buenas relaciones con alguien to be on good terms with somebody
    estar en relación con alguien to be in contact with somebody
    hacer relación a algo to refer to something
    tener buenas relaciones to be well connected
    tener relaciones con alguien (salir) to go out with somebody
    relaciones diplomáticas diplomatic relations
    relaciones públicas public relations
    relaciones sexuales sexual relations
    * * *
    noun f.
    •
    - relación sexual
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=vínculo) connection

    existe una relación entre el tabaco y el cáncer — there is a connection o relation o relationship between cigarettes and cancer

    • guardar o tener relación con algo — [suceso] to be connected with sth, be related to sth; [persona] to be connected with sth

    no guardar relación (alguna) con algo — (=no parecerse) to bear no relation (whatsoever) to sth; (=no estar relacionado) to have no connection o relation (at all) with sth

    relación calidad/precio — value for money

    tener buena relación calidad/precio — to be good value for money

    2)

    • con relación a, en relación a o con — (=comparado con) compared to, compared with; (=en lo referente a) with regard to, in connection with

    un aumento del 3% con relación al año anterior — an increase of 3% over o compared to o compared with the previous year

    con relación a la encuesta publicada por este periódico — with regard to o in connection with the survey published by this newspaper

    3) (=entre personas)
    a) [en el momento presente] relations pl

    ¿cómo es su relación o son sus relaciones con su jefe? — how are relations between you and your boss?

    • estar en o mantener buenas relaciones con — [+ persona] to be on good terms with; [+ organización] to have good relations with

    • romper las relaciones con — [+ país, organización] to break off relations with; [+ familiar, amigo] to break off all contact with

    b) [de larga duración] relationship

    ¿cómo eran las relaciones con su padre? — what was your relationship with your father like?

    ¿sigues manteniendo las relaciones con tus antiguos compañeros de universidad? — do you still keep in touch with people from your university days?

    4) [con empresa, organización] connection

    ¿tiene alguna relación con esa empresa? — do you have any connection with that company?

    relaciones laborales — labour relations, labor relations (EEUU)

    relaciones públicas — (=actividad) public relations, PR; (=profesional) public relations officer, PR officer

    5) (tb: relación amorosa) relationship
    6) (tb: relación sexual) (=acto) sex; (=trato) sexual relationship

    mantener o tener relaciones sexuales con algn — [de forma esporádica] to have sex with sb; [de forma continuada] to be in a sexual relationship with sb

    relaciones prematrimoniales — premarital sex, sex before marriage

    7) (=referencia)

    • hacer relación a algo — to refer to sth

    8) pl relaciones (=personas conocidas) acquaintances; (=enchufes) contacts, connections

    tener (buenas) relaciones — to be well connected, have good contacts o connections

    9) (Mat) (=proporción) ratio

    los superan numéricamente en una relación 46-36% — they outnumber them by a ratio of 46-36%

    10) frm (=narración) account

    • hacer una relación de algo — to give an account of sth

    11) (=lista) list

    el usuario dispone, junto a la factura telefónica, de una relación de sus llamadas — the customer receives, together with the telephone bill, a breakdown of calls made

    12) (Jur) (=informe) record, (official) return
    * * *
    1)
    a) ( conexión) connection

    con relación a or en relación con — ( con respecto a) in connection with; ( en comparación con) relative to

    en relación con su carta... — with regard to o regarding your letter...

    en una relación de diez a uno — (Mat) in a ratio of ten to one

    2)
    a) ( trato)

    relaciones diplomáticas/comerciales — diplomatic/trade relations

    b) relaciones femenino plural ( influencias) contacts (pl), connections (pl)
    3)
    a) ( exposición) account
    b) ( lista) list
    * * *
    = association, chaining, connection [connexion], connectivity, dealing, interaction, interplay, involvement, link, ratio, relation, relationship, relationship link, relatedness, alliance, liaison, exposure, tie, tie-up.
    Ex. It is possible and convenient to select a viewpoint on the scope, associations and labels for subjects which coincides with the way in which subjects are handled in the literature.
    Ex. The information seeking patterns of a variety of academic social scientists were broken down into 6 characteristics: starting; chaining; browsing; differentiating; monitoring; and extracting.
    Ex. Access is via modified television set, a telephone (and its connections) and a simple keypad.
    Ex. An information system architecture defines a structure for describing communications connectivity between users of information and sources of information.
    Ex. The most serious problem for librarians in their dealings with media materials is the massive multiplication of formats, making it difficult for librarians to decide what to buy in what format.
    Ex. One trend for the future is likely to be the development of hosts which are designed for interaction with the end user.
    Ex. In the case of the book, it is the interplay of such multifarious trends that will determine its destiny.
    Ex. Clearly, anyone having any dealings at all with the CAP needs a general understanding of how the system works, at a level which is appropriate to their involvement.
    Ex. Explanatory references give a little more explanation as to why the link between two names is being made in the catalogue or index.
    Ex. The microfiche is a common form for catalogues and indexes, usually 208 or 270 frames per fiche, in a piece of film and with a reduction ratio of 42 or 48:1.
    Ex. The catalogue often forms the basis for co-operation and good relations between the libraries in a region.
    Ex. Related works are separately catalogued works that have a relationship to another work.
    Ex. The bibliographic record for the volume is also a monographic record, but with a series entry and a relationship link to the bibliographic record for the series as a whole.
    Ex. The frequency of co-occurrence of articles from different subfields in selected periodicals is used for measuring the degree of relatedness between these subfields.
    Ex. This type of alliance is already evident in countries like Thailand, where library science students and educators have been actively involved in writing and illustrating children's books.
    Ex. It is important to make sure that there is close liaison between the cataloguing department and the order department, otherwise cards are liable to be ordered twice or in insufficient quantity to meet the total demand.
    Ex. This article also examines the need for exposure to AI by all students in order to become familiar with capabilities and limitations of AI-based systems.
    Ex. Eastern European countries longing for western scientific ties have wanted to participate in the Internet for a long time, but were excluded by government regulations.
    Ex. The report of findings may consist simply of a few pages, or be a trends and proposals report, or may suggest tie-ups with other groups.
    ----
    * beneficios en relación con la inversión = return on investment (ROI).
    * bloque funcional de relaciones entre registros = linking entry block.
    * buena relación calidad-precio = value for money.
    * buscar el origen de la relación entre = trace + the relationship between.
    * campaña de relaciones públicas = public relations campaign.
    * campo de relación = linking field.
    * con relación a = as regards, re, in relation to, in connection with, regarding, concerning.
    * crear relaciones = structure + relationships.
    * definir relaciones = structure + relationships.
    * de segunda importancia en relación con = secondary to.
    * diagrama de relaciones = relationship display.
    * encargado de relaciones públicas = public liaison.
    * en relación a = as for.
    * en relación con = in association with, in conjunction with, in connection with, in relation to, in respect of, in terms of, in the way of, relating to, relative to, vis à vis, with reference to, with regard(s) to, apropos of, as it relates to, in the context of, on the matter of, re, regarding, apropos to, in reference to, concerning, in keeping with.
    * en relación proporcional con = in proportion to.
    * entablar relaciones = enter into + relations, enter into + relationships, build + relationships, develop + relationships, develop + relations, build + relations.
    * entablar relaciones comerciales = transact.
    * entablar relaciones con = forge + links with, forge + relationships with, forge + ties.
    * establecer relaciones = build + relationships, develop + relationships, develop + relations, build + relations, structure + relationships.
    * establecer relaciones con = forge + links with, forge + relationships with, forge + ties.
    * estrechar la relación = strengthen + links.
    * estropear una relación = poison + a relationship.
    * fortalecer la relación = strengthen + links.
    * ganancias en relación con la inversión = return on investment (ROI).
    * grado de relación = relatedness measure.
    * guardar relación con = bear + relation to, stand in + relation to, stand in + relationship to, bear + relationship to, be commensurate with.
    * guardar una relación directamente proporcional = vary + proportionately.
    * guardar una relación inversamente proporcional = vary + inversely.
    * hacer una relación de = list.
    * indicador de relación = relation indicator, relational operator, role operator.
    * ley de relación exponencial inversa al cuadrado = inverse square law.
    * ley de relación exponencial inversa al cubo = inverse cube law.
    * mantener relaciones = maintain + contact, maintain + relationships, maintain + relations.
    * mantener relaciones comerciales = do + business.
    * mantener una relación con = carry on + relationship with.
    * mejor relación calidad-precio, la = best value for money, the.
    * negar tener relación con = disclaim + connection with.
    * no guardar relación con = be incommensurate with.
    * número de relación = linking number.
    * operador de relación = link, relational operator, linking device.
    * persona encargada de las relaciones públicas = PR man [PR men, -pl.].
    * poner en relación = bring into + relationship.
    * que guarde relación con = in keeping with.
    * relación "es un tipo de" = is-a relationship.
    * relación afín = affinitive relationship.
    * relación amorosa = love affair.
    * relación ascendente = upward reference.
    * relación asociativa = associative relation, collateral link, collateral reference.
    * relación calidad-precio = price-performance ratio.
    * relación causa-efecto = cause-effect relation, causal relationship.
    * relación clase-tipo = type-token ratio.
    * relación comparativa = comparative relation.
    * relación consecutiva = consecutive relation.
    * relación contractual = contractual relationship.
    * relación coordinada = coordinate relation.
    * relación costes-beneficios = cost-benefit ratio.
    * relación costos-beneficios = cost-benefit ratio.
    * relación de aplicación = bias relation.
    * relación de confianza = trusting relationship.
    * relación de contenido = contents notes.
    * relación de equivalencia = equivalence relationship.
    * relación de inclusión = part-whole relation.
    * relación de poder = power relationship.
    * relación de preferencia = preferential relation, preferential relationship.
    * relación descendente = downward reference.
    * relación de trabajo = working relation, working relationship, work relationship, work relation.
    * relación directa = direct relationship, linear relationship, linear relation.
    * relación directamente proporcional significativa = significant direct relationship.
    * relación directa significativa = significant direct relationship.
    * relación entre compañeros = peer interaction.
    * relación entre cuasisinónimos = near-synonymous relationship.
    * relaciones = intercourse.
    * relaciones comerciales = business dealings, commercial relations, trade relations.
    * relaciones de género = gender relations.
    * relaciones de poder = power relations.
    * relaciones diplomáticas = diplomatic relations.
    * relaciones entre hombres y mujeres = gender relations.
    * relaciones humanas = human relations, human relationships.
    * relaciones industriales = industrial relations.
    * relaciones jerárquicas = role relationships.
    * relaciones laborales = labour relations, employment relations.
    * relación específica = downward reference.
    * relaciones prematrimoniales = premarital sex.
    * relaciones públicas = public relations (PR), PR activities, public relations exercise, public liaison.
    * relaciones sexuales = sexual intercourse, intercourse.
    * relaciones sexuales promiscuas = casual sex(ual) encounters, casual sex.
    * relaciones sociales = social relations.
    * relación estrecha = close contact.
    * relación formal = formal relation.
    * relación genérica = generic relation, generic relationship, upwards link, upward reference.
    * relación género/especie = genus/species relationship.
    * relación internacional = international relation.
    * relación interracial = interracial relationship.
    * relación inversa = inverse relationship.
    * relación inversamente proporcional significativa = inverse relationship, significant inverse relationship.
    * relación inversa significativa = significant inverse relationship.
    * relación jerárquica = hierarchical relation, hierarchical relationship.
    * relación laboral = working relation, working relationship, work relationship, work relation.
    * relación negativa = negative relationship.
    * relación parte-todo = whole/part relationship, whole-part relationship.
    * relación positiva = positive relationship.
    * relación semántica = semantic relation, semantic relationship.
    * relación sexual = sexual relationship.
    * relación sexual sin protección = unprotected sex.
    * relación simbiótica = symbiotic relationship.
    * relación sintáctica = syntactic relation, syntactic relationship, syntactical relationship.
    * relativo a la relación costos-beneficios = cost-benefit, cost-benefit.
    * romper una relación = break off + relationship, sever + connection.
    * sin relación = unrelated, unconnected.
    * sin relación con = unrelated to.
    * sociología de las relaciones industriales = industrial sociology, sociology of industrial relations.
    * tener relación con = have + bearing on.
    * tener relaciones amorosas = have + an affair.
    * tener relaciones con = have + dealings with.
    * tener relaciones sexuales con = have + intercourse with.
    * * *
    1)
    a) ( conexión) connection

    con relación a or en relación con — ( con respecto a) in connection with; ( en comparación con) relative to

    en relación con su carta... — with regard to o regarding your letter...

    en una relación de diez a uno — (Mat) in a ratio of ten to one

    2)
    a) ( trato)

    relaciones diplomáticas/comerciales — diplomatic/trade relations

    b) relaciones femenino plural ( influencias) contacts (pl), connections (pl)
    3)
    a) ( exposición) account
    b) ( lista) list
    * * *
    = association, chaining, connection [connexion], connectivity, dealing, interaction, interplay, involvement, link, ratio, relation, relationship, relationship link, relatedness, alliance, liaison, exposure, tie, tie-up.

    Ex: It is possible and convenient to select a viewpoint on the scope, associations and labels for subjects which coincides with the way in which subjects are handled in the literature.

    Ex: The information seeking patterns of a variety of academic social scientists were broken down into 6 characteristics: starting; chaining; browsing; differentiating; monitoring; and extracting.
    Ex: Access is via modified television set, a telephone (and its connections) and a simple keypad.
    Ex: An information system architecture defines a structure for describing communications connectivity between users of information and sources of information.
    Ex: The most serious problem for librarians in their dealings with media materials is the massive multiplication of formats, making it difficult for librarians to decide what to buy in what format.
    Ex: One trend for the future is likely to be the development of hosts which are designed for interaction with the end user.
    Ex: In the case of the book, it is the interplay of such multifarious trends that will determine its destiny.
    Ex: Clearly, anyone having any dealings at all with the CAP needs a general understanding of how the system works, at a level which is appropriate to their involvement.
    Ex: Explanatory references give a little more explanation as to why the link between two names is being made in the catalogue or index.
    Ex: The microfiche is a common form for catalogues and indexes, usually 208 or 270 frames per fiche, in a piece of film and with a reduction ratio of 42 or 48:1.
    Ex: The catalogue often forms the basis for co-operation and good relations between the libraries in a region.
    Ex: Related works are separately catalogued works that have a relationship to another work.
    Ex: The bibliographic record for the volume is also a monographic record, but with a series entry and a relationship link to the bibliographic record for the series as a whole.
    Ex: The frequency of co-occurrence of articles from different subfields in selected periodicals is used for measuring the degree of relatedness between these subfields.
    Ex: This type of alliance is already evident in countries like Thailand, where library science students and educators have been actively involved in writing and illustrating children's books.
    Ex: It is important to make sure that there is close liaison between the cataloguing department and the order department, otherwise cards are liable to be ordered twice or in insufficient quantity to meet the total demand.
    Ex: This article also examines the need for exposure to AI by all students in order to become familiar with capabilities and limitations of AI-based systems.
    Ex: Eastern European countries longing for western scientific ties have wanted to participate in the Internet for a long time, but were excluded by government regulations.
    Ex: The report of findings may consist simply of a few pages, or be a trends and proposals report, or may suggest tie-ups with other groups.
    * beneficios en relación con la inversión = return on investment (ROI).
    * bloque funcional de relaciones entre registros = linking entry block.
    * buena relación calidad-precio = value for money.
    * buscar el origen de la relación entre = trace + the relationship between.
    * campaña de relaciones públicas = public relations campaign.
    * campo de relación = linking field.
    * con relación a = as regards, re, in relation to, in connection with, regarding, concerning.
    * crear relaciones = structure + relationships.
    * definir relaciones = structure + relationships.
    * de segunda importancia en relación con = secondary to.
    * diagrama de relaciones = relationship display.
    * encargado de relaciones públicas = public liaison.
    * en relación a = as for.
    * en relación con = in association with, in conjunction with, in connection with, in relation to, in respect of, in terms of, in the way of, relating to, relative to, vis à vis, with reference to, with regard(s) to, apropos of, as it relates to, in the context of, on the matter of, re, regarding, apropos to, in reference to, concerning, in keeping with.
    * en relación proporcional con = in proportion to.
    * entablar relaciones = enter into + relations, enter into + relationships, build + relationships, develop + relationships, develop + relations, build + relations.
    * entablar relaciones comerciales = transact.
    * entablar relaciones con = forge + links with, forge + relationships with, forge + ties.
    * establecer relaciones = build + relationships, develop + relationships, develop + relations, build + relations, structure + relationships.
    * establecer relaciones con = forge + links with, forge + relationships with, forge + ties.
    * estrechar la relación = strengthen + links.
    * estropear una relación = poison + a relationship.
    * fortalecer la relación = strengthen + links.
    * ganancias en relación con la inversión = return on investment (ROI).
    * grado de relación = relatedness measure.
    * guardar relación con = bear + relation to, stand in + relation to, stand in + relationship to, bear + relationship to, be commensurate with.
    * guardar una relación directamente proporcional = vary + proportionately.
    * guardar una relación inversamente proporcional = vary + inversely.
    * hacer una relación de = list.
    * indicador de relación = relation indicator, relational operator, role operator.
    * ley de relación exponencial inversa al cuadrado = inverse square law.
    * ley de relación exponencial inversa al cubo = inverse cube law.
    * mantener relaciones = maintain + contact, maintain + relationships, maintain + relations.
    * mantener relaciones comerciales = do + business.
    * mantener una relación con = carry on + relationship with.
    * mejor relación calidad-precio, la = best value for money, the.
    * negar tener relación con = disclaim + connection with.
    * no guardar relación con = be incommensurate with.
    * número de relación = linking number.
    * operador de relación = link, relational operator, linking device.
    * persona encargada de las relaciones públicas = PR man [PR men, -pl.].
    * poner en relación = bring into + relationship.
    * que guarde relación con = in keeping with.
    * relación "es un tipo de" = is-a relationship.
    * relación afín = affinitive relationship.
    * relación amorosa = love affair.
    * relación ascendente = upward reference.
    * relación asociativa = associative relation, collateral link, collateral reference.
    * relación calidad-precio = price-performance ratio.
    * relación causa-efecto = cause-effect relation, causal relationship.
    * relación clase-tipo = type-token ratio.
    * relación comparativa = comparative relation.
    * relación consecutiva = consecutive relation.
    * relación contractual = contractual relationship.
    * relación coordinada = coordinate relation.
    * relación costes-beneficios = cost-benefit ratio.
    * relación costos-beneficios = cost-benefit ratio.
    * relación de aplicación = bias relation.
    * relación de confianza = trusting relationship.
    * relación de contenido = contents notes.
    * relación de equivalencia = equivalence relationship.
    * relación de inclusión = part-whole relation.
    * relación de poder = power relationship.
    * relación de preferencia = preferential relation, preferential relationship.
    * relación descendente = downward reference.
    * relación de trabajo = working relation, working relationship, work relationship, work relation.
    * relación directa = direct relationship, linear relationship, linear relation.
    * relación directamente proporcional significativa = significant direct relationship.
    * relación directa significativa = significant direct relationship.
    * relación entre compañeros = peer interaction.
    * relación entre cuasisinónimos = near-synonymous relationship.
    * relaciones = intercourse.
    * relaciones comerciales = business dealings, commercial relations, trade relations.
    * relaciones de género = gender relations.
    * relaciones de poder = power relations.
    * relaciones diplomáticas = diplomatic relations.
    * relaciones entre hombres y mujeres = gender relations.
    * relaciones humanas = human relations, human relationships.
    * relaciones industriales = industrial relations.
    * relaciones jerárquicas = role relationships.
    * relaciones laborales = labour relations, employment relations.
    * relación específica = downward reference.
    * relaciones prematrimoniales = premarital sex.
    * relaciones públicas = public relations (PR), PR activities, public relations exercise, public liaison.
    * relaciones sexuales = sexual intercourse, intercourse.
    * relaciones sexuales promiscuas = casual sex(ual) encounters, casual sex.
    * relaciones sociales = social relations.
    * relación estrecha = close contact.
    * relación formal = formal relation.
    * relación genérica = generic relation, generic relationship, upwards link, upward reference.
    * relación género/especie = genus/species relationship.
    * relación internacional = international relation.
    * relación interracial = interracial relationship.
    * relación inversa = inverse relationship.
    * relación inversamente proporcional significativa = inverse relationship, significant inverse relationship.
    * relación inversa significativa = significant inverse relationship.
    * relación jerárquica = hierarchical relation, hierarchical relationship.
    * relación laboral = working relation, working relationship, work relationship, work relation.
    * relación negativa = negative relationship.
    * relación parte-todo = whole/part relationship, whole-part relationship.
    * relación positiva = positive relationship.
    * relación semántica = semantic relation, semantic relationship.
    * relación sexual = sexual relationship.
    * relación sexual sin protección = unprotected sex.
    * relación simbiótica = symbiotic relationship.
    * relación sintáctica = syntactic relation, syntactic relationship, syntactical relationship.
    * relativo a la relación costos-beneficios = cost-benefit, cost-benefit.
    * romper una relación = break off + relationship, sever + connection.
    * sin relación = unrelated, unconnected.
    * sin relación con = unrelated to.
    * sociología de las relaciones industriales = industrial sociology, sociology of industrial relations.
    * tener relación con = have + bearing on.
    * tener relaciones amorosas = have + an affair.
    * tener relaciones con = have + dealings with.
    * tener relaciones sexuales con = have + intercourse with.

    * * *
    A
    1 (conexión) connection
    esto no tiene or no guarda ninguna relación con los hechos this has no connection with o bears no relation to the facts
    existe una relación entre los dos sucesos there is a connection o link between the two events
    con relación a or en relación con (con respecto a) in connection with; (en comparación con) relative to
    en relación con su carta de fecha … in connection with o with regard to your letter dated …
    hubo un descenso con relación al año anterior there was a decrease relative to the previous year
    2
    (correspondencia): en una relación de diez a uno ( Mat) in a ratio of ten to one
    tiene una excelente relación calidad-precio it is excellent value for money
    una relación causa-efecto a relationship of cause and effect
    Compuesto:
    equivalence relation
    B
    1
    (trato): ha establecido una buena relación con él she has built up a good relationship with him
    relaciones amistosas/sexuales friendly/sexual relations
    tuvo relaciones amorosas con una famosa actriz he had an affair with a famous actress
    mantienen relaciones formales desde hace años they have been courting for years
    siempre ha tenido muy buenas relaciones con su jefe she has always had o enjoyed a very good relationship with her boss
    ahora estoy en buenas relaciones con él I'm on good terms with him now
    relaciones comerciales trading o trade relations
    han roto las relaciones diplomáticas they have broken off diplomatic relations
    es nulo en lo que respecta a las relaciones humanas he's hopeless when it comes to dealing with people o when it comes to the human side of things
    las relaciones entre padres e hijos the relationship between parents and their children
    2 relaciones fpl (influencias) contacts (pl), connections (pl)
    tiene buenas relaciones en la empresa he has some good contacts o connections in the company
    Compuestos:
    fpl foreign affairs (pl)
    A fpl (actividad) public relations (pl)
    B masculine and feminine (persona) public relations officer ( o executive etc)
    C
    1 (exposición) account
    hizo una detallada relación de los hechos she gave a detailed account of the facts
    2 (lista) list
    * * *

     

    relación sustantivo femenino
    1

    con relación a or en relación con ( con respecto a) in connection with;
    ( en comparación con) relative to;
    ◊ en relación con su carta … with regard to o regarding your letter …



    una relación causa-efecto a relationship of cause and effect
    2


    estoy en buenas relaciones con él I'm on good terms with him
    b)

    ◊ relaciones sustantivo femenino plural ( influencias) contacts (pl), connections (pl);


    (trato comercial, diplomático) relations (pl);
    ( trato carnal) sex;

    relaciones prematrimoniales premarital sex;
    relaciones públicas ( actividad) public relations (pl);

    ( persona) public relations officer;
    (de cantante, artista) PR;

    3

    b) ( lista) list

    relación sustantivo femenino
    1 (entre personas) relationship: no tengo relación alguna con ellos, I don't maintain any form of contact with them
    estar en buenas relaciones con alguien, to be on good terms with sb
    tener relaciones influyentes, to have good contacts
    2 (entre ideas o cosas) connection, relation
    con relación a su pregunta, regarding your question
    3 (de nombres, elementos, etc) list
    4 (de un hecho o situación) account: la relación de los hechos es algo confusa, the description of the facts is somewhat confusing
    5 Mat ratio, proportion
    6 relaciones públicas, (actividad) public relations
    (persona) public relations officer
    ' relación' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    ajena
    - ajeno
    - causa
    - cimentar
    - comercio
    - con
    - consonancia
    - cortar
    - definitivamente
    - desconectarse
    - enlace
    - enrarecerse
    - entrañable
    - escarceo
    - extramatrimonial
    - hermandad
    - intimidad
    - laboral
    - lazo
    - murmuración
    - paréntesis
    - proporción
    - regañar
    - relucir
    - rencilla
    - romperse
    - salir
    - sexo
    - tambalearse
    - tempestuosa
    - tempestuoso
    - tirantez
    - trabajada
    - trabajado
    - tratar
    - tratarse
    - trato
    - ver
    - vendedor
    - vendedora
    - asfixiante
    - asunto
    - aventura
    - clandestino
    - comunicación
    - conexión
    - conocer
    - consolidar
    - correspondencia
    - desgastar
    English:
    association
    - bearing
    - blossom
    - breakup
    - bust up
    - close
    - commensurate
    - connect
    - connected
    - connection
    - damage
    - fall apart
    - intimate
    - involvement
    - liaison
    - money
    - of
    - pertinent
    - record
    - relation
    - relationship
    - rob
    - stormy
    - strain
    - strained
    - strengthen
    - terminate
    - to
    - two-timer
    - unrelated
    - value
    - walk out
    - acquaintance
    - disclaim
    - further
    - involve
    - irrelevant
    - obviously
    - put
    - rapport
    - re
    - reference
    - regard
    - relevance
    - unconnected
    * * *
    ♦ nf
    1. [nexo] relation, connection;
    con relación a, en relación con in relation to, with regard to;
    no hay ninguna relación entre los dos secuestros the two kidnappings are unrelated o unconnected;
    guardar relación con algo to be related to sth;
    no guardar relación con algo to bear no relation to sth;
    relación calidad-precio value for money;
    2. [comunicación, trato] relations, relationship;
    mantener relaciones con alguien to keep in touch with sb;
    tener o [m5] mantener buenas relaciones con alguien to be on good terms with sb
    relaciones comerciales [vínculos] business links; [comercio] trade;
    relaciones diplomáticas diplomatic relations;
    han roto las relaciones diplomáticas they have broken off diplomatic relations;
    relaciones internacionales international relations;
    relaciones laborales industrial relations;
    relación de pareja: [m5] los problemas de las relaciones de pareja relationship problems;
    dice que no necesita de la relación de pareja she says she doesn't need to be in a relationship with anybody;
    relaciones personales personal relationships;
    relaciones públicas [actividad] public relations, PR
    3. [lista] list
    4. [descripción] account
    5. [informe] report
    6.
    relaciones [noviazgo] relationship;
    llevan cinco años de relaciones they've been going out together for five years;
    un cursillo sobre las relaciones de pareja a course on being in a relationship;
    mantener relaciones prematrimoniales to have premarital sex;
    relaciones sexuales sexual relations
    7.
    relaciones [contactos] contacts, connections;
    tener buenas relaciones to be well connected
    8. Mat ratio
    ♦ nmf inv
    relaciones públicas [persona] public relations officer, PR officer
    * * *
    f
    1 relationship;
    la relación calidad-precio es muy buena it’s good value for money;
    relación causa-efecto cause and effect relationship;
    2 ( conexión) relation;
    no guardar relación con bear no relation to;
    con o
    en relación a with o in relation to
    * * *
    relación nf, pl - ciones
    1) : relation, connection, relevance
    2) : relationship
    3) relato: account
    4) lista: list
    5)
    en relación con : in relation to, concerning
    6)
    relacionespúblicas : public relations
    * * *
    1. (trato) relationship
    2. (correspondencia, unión) connection
    con relación a / en relación con with regard to / in relation to

    Spanish-English dictionary > relación

  • 9 Language

       Philosophy is written in that great book, the universe, which is always open, right before our eyes. But one cannot understand this book without first learning to understand the language and to know the characters in which it is written. It is written in the language of mathematics, and the characters are triangles, circles, and other figures. Without these, one cannot understand a single word of it, and just wanders in a dark labyrinth. (Galileo, 1990, p. 232)
       It never happens that it [a nonhuman animal] arranges its speech in various ways in order to reply appropriately to everything that may be said in its presence, as even the lowest type of man can do. (Descartes, 1970a, p. 116)
       It is a very remarkable fact that there are none so depraved and stupid, without even excepting idiots, that they cannot arrange different words together, forming of them a statement by which they make known their thoughts; while, on the other hand, there is no other animal, however perfect and fortunately circumstanced it may be, which can do the same. (Descartes, 1967, p. 116)
       Human beings do not live in the object world alone, nor alone in the world of social activity as ordinarily understood, but are very much at the mercy of the particular language which has become the medium of expression for their society. It is quite an illusion to imagine that one adjusts to reality essentially without the use of language and that language is merely an incidental means of solving specific problems of communication or reflection. The fact of the matter is that the "real world" is to a large extent unconsciously built on the language habits of the group.... We see and hear and otherwise experience very largely as we do because the language habits of our community predispose certain choices of interpretation. (Sapir, 1921, p. 75)
       It powerfully conditions all our thinking about social problems and processes.... No two languages are ever sufficiently similar to be considered as representing the same social reality. The worlds in which different societies live are distinct worlds, not merely the same worlds with different labels attached. (Sapir, 1985, p. 162)
       [A list of language games, not meant to be exhaustive:]
       Giving orders, and obeying them- Describing the appearance of an object, or giving its measurements- Constructing an object from a description (a drawing)Reporting an eventSpeculating about an eventForming and testing a hypothesisPresenting the results of an experiment in tables and diagramsMaking up a story; and reading itPlay actingSinging catchesGuessing riddlesMaking a joke; and telling it
       Solving a problem in practical arithmeticTranslating from one language into another
       LANGUAGE Asking, thanking, cursing, greeting, and praying-. (Wittgenstein, 1953, Pt. I, No. 23, pp. 11 e-12 e)
       We dissect nature along lines laid down by our native languages.... The world is presented in a kaleidoscopic flux of impressions which has to be organized by our minds-and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds.... No individual is free to describe nature with absolute impartiality but is constrained to certain modes of interpretation even while he thinks himself most free. (Whorf, 1956, pp. 153, 213-214)
       We dissect nature along the lines laid down by our native languages.
       The categories and types that we isolate from the world of phenomena we do not find there because they stare every observer in the face; on the contrary, the world is presented in a kaleidoscopic flux of impressions which has to be organized by our minds-and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds.... We are thus introduced to a new principle of relativity, which holds that all observers are not led by the same physical evidence to the same picture of the universe, unless their linguistic backgrounds are similar or can in some way be calibrated. (Whorf, 1956, pp. 213-214)
       9) The Forms of a Person's Thoughts Are Controlled by Unperceived Patterns of His Own Language
       The forms of a person's thoughts are controlled by inexorable laws of pattern of which he is unconscious. These patterns are the unperceived intricate systematizations of his own language-shown readily enough by a candid comparison and contrast with other languages, especially those of a different linguistic family. (Whorf, 1956, p. 252)
       It has come to be commonly held that many utterances which look like statements are either not intended at all, or only intended in part, to record or impart straightforward information about the facts.... Many traditional philosophical perplexities have arisen through a mistake-the mistake of taking as straightforward statements of fact utterances which are either (in interesting non-grammatical ways) nonsensical or else intended as something quite different. (Austin, 1962, pp. 2-3)
       In general, one might define a complex of semantic components connected by logical constants as a concept. The dictionary of a language is then a system of concepts in which a phonological form and certain syntactic and morphological characteristics are assigned to each concept. This system of concepts is structured by several types of relations. It is supplemented, furthermore, by redundancy or implicational rules..., representing general properties of the whole system of concepts.... At least a relevant part of these general rules is not bound to particular languages, but represents presumably universal structures of natural languages. They are not learned, but are rather a part of the human ability to acquire an arbitrary natural language. (Bierwisch, 1970, pp. 171-172)
       In studying the evolution of mind, we cannot guess to what extent there are physically possible alternatives to, say, transformational generative grammar, for an organism meeting certain other physical conditions characteristic of humans. Conceivably, there are none-or very few-in which case talk about evolution of the language capacity is beside the point. (Chomsky, 1972, p. 98)
       [It is] truth value rather than syntactic well-formedness that chiefly governs explicit verbal reinforcement by parents-which renders mildly paradoxical the fact that the usual product of such a training schedule is an adult whose speech is highly grammatical but not notably truthful. (R. O. Brown, 1973, p. 330)
       he conceptual base is responsible for formally representing the concepts underlying an utterance.... A given word in a language may or may not have one or more concepts underlying it.... On the sentential level, the utterances of a given language are encoded within a syntactic structure of that language. The basic construction of the sentential level is the sentence.
       The next highest level... is the conceptual level. We call the basic construction of this level the conceptualization. A conceptualization consists of concepts and certain relations among those concepts. We can consider that both levels exist at the same point in time and that for any unit on one level, some corresponding realizate exists on the other level. This realizate may be null or extremely complex.... Conceptualizations may relate to other conceptualizations by nesting or other specified relationships. (Schank, 1973, pp. 191-192)
       The mathematics of multi-dimensional interactive spaces and lattices, the projection of "computer behavior" on to possible models of cerebral functions, the theoretical and mechanical investigation of artificial intelligence, are producing a stream of sophisticated, often suggestive ideas.
       But it is, I believe, fair to say that nothing put forward until now in either theoretic design or mechanical mimicry comes even remotely in reach of the most rudimentary linguistic realities. (Steiner, 1975, p. 284)
       The step from the simple tool to the master tool, a tool to make tools (what we would now call a machine tool), seems to me indeed to parallel the final step to human language, which I call reconstitution. It expresses in a practical and social context the same understanding of hierarchy, and shows the same analysis by function as a basis for synthesis. (Bronowski, 1977, pp. 127-128)
        t is the language donn eґ in which we conduct our lives.... We have no other. And the danger is that formal linguistic models, in their loosely argued analogy with the axiomatic structure of the mathematical sciences, may block perception.... It is quite conceivable that, in language, continuous induction from simple, elemental units to more complex, realistic forms is not justified. The extent and formal "undecidability" of context-and every linguistic particle above the level of the phoneme is context-bound-may make it impossible, except in the most abstract, meta-linguistic sense, to pass from "pro-verbs," "kernals," or "deep deep structures" to actual speech. (Steiner, 1975, pp. 111-113)
       A higher-level formal language is an abstract machine. (Weizenbaum, 1976, p. 113)
       Jakobson sees metaphor and metonymy as the characteristic modes of binarily opposed polarities which between them underpin the two-fold process of selection and combination by which linguistic signs are formed.... Thus messages are constructed, as Saussure said, by a combination of a "horizontal" movement, which combines words together, and a "vertical" movement, which selects the particular words from the available inventory or "inner storehouse" of the language. The combinative (or syntagmatic) process manifests itself in contiguity (one word being placed next to another) and its mode is metonymic. The selective (or associative) process manifests itself in similarity (one word or concept being "like" another) and its mode is metaphoric. The "opposition" of metaphor and metonymy therefore may be said to represent in effect the essence of the total opposition between the synchronic mode of language (its immediate, coexistent, "vertical" relationships) and its diachronic mode (its sequential, successive, lineal progressive relationships). (Hawkes, 1977, pp. 77-78)
       It is striking that the layered structure that man has given to language constantly reappears in his analyses of nature. (Bronowski, 1977, p. 121)
       First, [an ideal intertheoretic reduction] provides us with a set of rules"correspondence rules" or "bridge laws," as the standard vernacular has it-which effect a mapping of the terms of the old theory (T o) onto a subset of the expressions of the new or reducing theory (T n). These rules guide the application of those selected expressions of T n in the following way: we are free to make singular applications of their correspondencerule doppelgangers in T o....
       Second, and equally important, a successful reduction ideally has the outcome that, under the term mapping effected by the correspondence rules, the central principles of T o (those of semantic and systematic importance) are mapped onto general sentences of T n that are theorems of Tn. (P. Churchland, 1979, p. 81)
       If non-linguistic factors must be included in grammar: beliefs, attitudes, etc. [this would] amount to a rejection of the initial idealization of language as an object of study. A priori such a move cannot be ruled out, but it must be empirically motivated. If it proves to be correct, I would conclude that language is a chaos that is not worth studying.... Note that the question is not whether beliefs or attitudes, and so on, play a role in linguistic behavior and linguistic judgments... [but rather] whether distinct cognitive structures can be identified, which interact in the real use of language and linguistic judgments, the grammatical system being one of these. (Chomsky, 1979, pp. 140, 152-153)
        23) Language Is Inevitably Influenced by Specific Contexts of Human Interaction
       Language cannot be studied in isolation from the investigation of "rationality." It cannot afford to neglect our everyday assumptions concerning the total behavior of a reasonable person.... An integrational linguistics must recognize that human beings inhabit a communicational space which is not neatly compartmentalized into language and nonlanguage.... It renounces in advance the possibility of setting up systems of forms and meanings which will "account for" a central core of linguistic behavior irrespective of the situation and communicational purposes involved. (Harris, 1981, p. 165)
       By innate [linguistic knowledge], Chomsky simply means "genetically programmed." He does not literally think that children are born with language in their heads ready to be spoken. He merely claims that a "blueprint is there, which is brought into use when the child reaches a certain point in her general development. With the help of this blueprint, she analyzes the language she hears around her more readily than she would if she were totally unprepared for the strange gabbling sounds which emerge from human mouths. (Aitchison, 1987, p. 31)
       Looking at ourselves from the computer viewpoint, we cannot avoid seeing that natural language is our most important "programming language." This means that a vast portion of our knowledge and activity is, for us, best communicated and understood in our natural language.... One could say that natural language was our first great original artifact and, since, as we increasingly realize, languages are machines, so natural language, with our brains to run it, was our primal invention of the universal computer. One could say this except for the sneaking suspicion that language isn't something we invented but something we became, not something we constructed but something in which we created, and recreated, ourselves. (Leiber, 1991, p. 8)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Language

  • 10 རྟོག་པ་

    [rtog pa]
    vitarka, thought, concept, think, deliberation, selectiveness mibp 102, conceptual division, constructive mental activity, interpretative concepts, dichotomizing intellect, mental projects, cognitive, mentality, preconceived ideas, reaction patterns, creative activity, divisive activity (most subtle stage of mentality; division into I vs. world), -> rnam rtog, kun tu rtog pa, judgmentally-conditioned grasping of experience through thought, conceptual consciousness, conceptuality, investigation, thought consciousness, consideration, reflection, scruple, hesitation, consider, examine, search into, muse upon

    Tibetan-English dictionary > རྟོག་པ་

  • 11 БИБЛИОГРАФИЯ

    Мы приняли следующие сокращения для наиболее часто упоминаемых книг и журналов:
    IJP - International Journal of Psycho-analysis
    JAPA - Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association
    SE - Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, ed. James Strachey (London: Hogarth Press and the Institute of Psycho-Analysis, 1953—74.)
    PSOC - Psychoanalytic Study of the Child (New Haven: Yale University Press)
    PQ - Psychoanalytic Quarterly
    WAF - The Writings of Anna Freud, ed. Anna Freud (New York: International Universities Press, 1966—74)
    PMC - Psychoanalysis The Major Concepts ed. Burness E. Moore and Bernard D. Fine (New Haven: Yale University Press)
    \
    О словаре: _about - Psychoanalytic Terms and Concepts
    \
    1. Abend, S. M. Identity. PMC. Forthcoming.
    2. Abend, S. M. (1974) Problems of identity. PQ, 43.
    3. Abend, S. M., Porder, M. S. & Willick, M. S. (1983) Borderline Patients. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    4. Abraham, K. (1916) The first pregenital stage of libido. Selected Papers. London, Hogarth Press, 1948.
    5. Abraham, K. (1917) Ejaculatio praecox. In: selected Papers. New York Basic Books.
    6. Abraham, K. (1921) Contributions to the theory of the anal character. Selected Papers. New York: Basic Books, 1953.
    7. Abraham, K. (1924) A Short study of the development of the libido, viewed in the light of mental disorders. In: Selected Papers. London: Hogarth Press, 1927.
    8. Abraham, K. (1924) Manic-depressive states and the pre-genital levels of the libido. In: Selected Papers. London: Hogarth Press, 1949.
    9. Abraham, K. (1924) Selected Papers. London: Hogarth Press, 1948.
    10. Abraham, K. (1924) The influence of oral erotism on character formation. Ibid.
    11. Abraham, K. (1925) The history of an impostor in the light of psychoanalytic knowledge. In: Clinical Papers and Essays on Psychoanalysis. New York: Basic Books, 1955, vol. 2.
    12. Abrams, S. (1971) The psychoanalytic unconsciousness. In: The Unconscious Today, ed. M. Kanzer. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    13. Abrams, S. (1981) Insight. PSOC, 36.
    14. Abse, D W. (1985) The depressive character In Depressive States and their Treatment, ed. V. Volkan New York: Jason Aronson.
    15. Abse, D. W. (1985) Hysteria and Related Mental Disorders. Bristol: John Wright.
    16. Ackner, B. (1954) Depersonalization. J. Ment. Sci., 100.
    17. Adler, A. (1924) Individual Psychology. New York: Harcourt, Brace.
    18. Akhtar, S. (1984) The syndrome of identity diffusion. Amer. J. Psychiat., 141.
    19. Alexander, F. (1950) Psychosomatic Medicine. New York: Norton.
    20. Allen, D. W. (1974) The Feat- of Looking. Charlottesvill, Va: Univ. Press of Virginia.
    21. Allen, D. W. (1980) Psychoanalytic treatment of the exhibitionist. In: Exhibitionist, Description, Assessment, and Treatment, ed. D. Cox. New York: Garland STPM Press.
    22. Allport, G. (1937) Personality. New York: Henry Holt.
    23. Almansi, R. J. (1960) The face-breast equation. JAPA, 6.
    24. Almansi, R. J. (1979) Scopophilia and object loss. PQ, 47.
    25. Altman, L. Z. (1969) The Dream in Psychoanalysis. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    26. Altman, L. Z. (1977) Some vicissitudes of love. JAPA, 25.
    27. American Psychiatric Association. (1987) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3d ed. revised. Washington, D. C.
    28. Ansbacher, Z. & Ansbacher, R. (1956) The Individual Psychology of Alfred Adler. New York: Basic Books.
    29. Anthony, E. J. (1981) Shame, guilt, and the feminine self in psychoanalysis. In: Object and Self, ed. S. Tuttman, C. Kaye & M. Zimmerman. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    30. Arlow. J. A. (1953) Masturbation and symptom formation. JAPA, 1.
    31. Arlow. J. A. (1959) The structure of the deja vu experience. JAPA, 7.
    32. Arlow. J. A. (1961) Ego psychology and the study of mythology. JAPA, 9.
    33. Arlow. J. A. (1963) Conflict, regression and symptom formation. IJP, 44.
    34. Arlow. J. A. (1966) Depersonalization and derealization. In: Psychoanalysis: A General Psychology, ed. R. M. Loewenstein, L. M. Newman, M. Schur & A. J. Solnit. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    35. Arlow. J. A. (1969) Fantasy, memory and reality testing. PQ, 38.
    36. Arlow. J. A. (1969) Unconscious fantasy and disturbances of mental experience. PQ, 38.
    37. Arlow. J. A. (1970) The psychopathology of the psychoses. IJP, 51.
    38. Arlow. J. A. (1975) The structural hypothesis. PQ, 44.
    39. Arlow. J. A. (1977) Affects and the psychoanalytic situation. IJP, 58.
    40. Arlow. J. A. (1979) Metaphor and the psychoanalytic situation. PQ, 48.
    41. Arlow. J. A. (1979) The genesis of interpretation. JAPA, 27 (suppl.).
    42. Arlow. J. A. (1982) Problems of the superego concept. PSOC, 37.
    43. Arlow. J. A. (1984) Disturbances of the sense of time. PQ, 53.
    44. Arlow. J. A. (1985) Some technical problems of countertransference. PQ, 54.
    45. Arlow, J. A. & Brenner, C. (1963) Psychoanalytic Concepts and the Structural Theory, New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    46. Arlow, J. A. & Brenner, C. (1969) The psychopathology of the psychoses. IJP, 50.
    47. Asch, S. S. (1966) Depression. PSOC, 21.
    48. Asch, S. S. (1976) Varieties of negative therapeutic reactions and problems of technique. JAPA, 24.
    49. Atkins, N. (1970) The Oedipus myth. Adolescence, and the succession of generations. JAPA, 18.
    50. Atkinson, J. W. & Birch, D. (1970) The Dynamics of Action. New York: Wiley.
    51. Bachrach, H. M. & Leaff, L. A. (1978) Analyzability. JAPA, 26.
    52. Bacon, C. (1956) A developmental theory of female homosexuality. In: Perversions,ed, S. Lorand & M. Balint. New York: Gramercy.
    53. Bak, R. C. (1953) Fetishism. JAPA. 1.
    54. Bak, R. C. (1968) The phallic woman. PSOC, 23.
    55. Bak, R. C. & Stewart, W. A. (1974) Fetishism, transvestism, and voyeurism. An American Handbook of Psychiatry, ed. S. Arieti. New York: Basic Books, vol. 3.
    56. Balint, A. (1949) Love for mother and mother-love. IJP, 30.
    57. Balter, L., Lothane, Z. & Spencer, J. H. (1980) On the analyzing instrument, PQ, 49.
    58. Basch, M. F. (1973) Psychoanalysis and theory formation. Ann. Psychoanal., 1.
    59. Basch, M. F. (1976) The concept of affect. JAPA, 24.
    60. Basch, M. F. (1981) Selfobject disorders and psychoanalytic theory. JAPA, 29.
    61. Basch, M. F. (1983) Emphatic understanding. JAPA. 31.
    62. Balldry, F. Character. PMC. Forthcoming.
    63. Balldry, F. (1983) The evolution of the concept of character in Freud's writings. JAPA. 31.
    64. Begelman, D. A. (1971) Misnaming, metaphors, the medical model and some muddles. Psychiatry, 34.
    65. Behrends, R. S. & Blatt, E. J. (1985) Internalization and psychological development throughout the life cycle. PSOC, 40.
    66. Bell, A. (1961) Some observations on the role of the scrotal sac and testicles JAPA, 9.
    67. Benedeck, T. (1949) The psychosomatic implications of the primary unit. Amer. J. Orthopsychiat., 19.
    68. Beres, C. (1958) Vicissitudes of superego functions and superego precursors in childhood. FSOC, 13.
    69. Beres, D. Conflict. PMC. Forthcoming.
    70. Beres, D. (1956) Ego deviation and the concept of schizophrenia. PSOC, 11.
    71. Beres, D. (1960) Perception, imagination and reality. IJP, 41.
    72. Beres, D. (1960) The psychoanalytic psychology of imagination. JAPA, 8.
    73. Beres, D. & Joseph, E. D. (1965) Structure and function in psychoanalysis. IJP, 46.
    74. Beres, D. (1970) The concept of mental representation in psychoanalysis. IJP, 51.
    75. Berg, M D. (1977) The externalizing transference. IJP, 58.
    76. Bergeret, J. (1985) Reflection on the scientific responsi bilities of the International Psychoanalytical Association. Memorandum distributed at 34th IPA Congress, Humburg.
    77. Bergman, A. (1978) From mother to the world outside. In: Grolnick et. al. (1978).
    78. Bergmann, M. S. (1980) On the intrapsychic function of falling in love. PQ, 49.
    79. Berliner, B. (1966) Psychodynamics of the depressive character. Psychoanal. Forum, 1.
    80. Bernfeld, S. (1931) Zur Sublimierungslehre. Imago, 17.
    81. Bibring, E. (1937) On the theory of the therapeutic results of psychoanalysis. IJP, 18.
    82. Bibring, E. (1941) The conception of the repetition compulsion. PQ, 12.
    83. Bibring, E. (1953) The mechanism of depression. In: Affective Disorders, ed. P. Greenacre. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    84. Bibring, E. (1954) Psychoanalysis and the dynamic psychotherapies. JAPA, 2.
    85. Binswanger, H. (1963) Positive aspects of the animus. Zьrich: Spring.
    86. Bion Francesca Abingdon: Fleetwood Press.
    87. Bion, W. R. (1952) Croup dynamics. IJP, 33.
    88. Bion, W. R. (1961) Experiences in Groups. London: Tavistock.
    89. Bion, W. R. (1962) A theory of thinking. IJP, 40.
    90. Bion, W. R. (1962) Learning from Experience. London: William Heinemann.
    91. Bion, W. R. (1963) Elements of Psychoanalysis. London: William Heinemann.
    92. Bion, W. R. (1965) Transformations. London: William Heinemann.
    93. Bion, W. R. (1970) Attention and Interpretation. London: Tavistock.
    94. Bion, W. R. (1985) All My Sins Remembered, ed. Francesca Bion. Adingdon: Fleetwood Press.
    95. Bird, B. (1972) Notes on transference. JAPA, 20.
    96. Blanck, G. & Blanck, R. (1974) Ego Psychology. New York: Columbia Univ. Press.
    97. Blatt, S. J. (1974) Levels of object representation in anaclitic and introjective depression. PSOC, 29.
    98. Blau, A. (1955) A unitary hypothesis of emotion. PQ, 24.
    99. Bleuler, E. (1911) Dementia Praecox or the Group of Schizophrenias. New York: Int. Univ. Press, 1951.
    100. Blos, P. (1954) Prolonged adolescence. Amer. J. Orthopsychiat., 24.
    101. Blos, P. (1962) On Adolescence. New York: Free Press.
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